The Foundations Of Racial Capitalism, Imperialism And...

The foundations of racial capitalism, imperialism and colonialism have significantly shaped the existence of African people, and those of the diaspora. As a result of these institutions, the history and implementation of slavery and colonialism have had lasting effects that are essential to the current position of Black folk in Africa and the diaspora; altering the way we view ourselves, our country and the world. Throughout different moments in history, Black folk have equated freedom and liberation with equality, justice, and the right to live as you wish. By looking at the Reconstruction period, colonialism in the continent of Africa and the Black Internationalist movement, I intend to demonstrate the progression of the ideals that begin as freedom, but evolve into new ideals of liberation. Showing that liberation is both a process and a destination for Black folk of the diaspora. During the period of slavery in the United States, Black folks perceived the emancipation as the resolution to freedom and equality bringing about the rights to literacy, political power and the right to own property. Once administered, it failed to offer all of the privileges that come with being free. Following emancipation, the Reconstruction period intended to rebuild the government anew and improve civilization. Slavery had been abolished, but the lives of the newly freed slave were not free from rule or intervention by White folks. With Reconstruction came a host of new problems forShow MoreRelatedGandhis Critique of Colonialism and His Definition of Swaraj1279 Words   |  5 PagesRe: What is Gandhis critique of colonialism and how does he define Swaraj? Use the class readings. Western colonialism was a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. (Encyclopedia Britannica). Gandhis critique of British colonialism was grounded in a rejection of cultural and racial supremacy; capitalism or socioeconomic inequality; and materialism. Gandhi employed the concepts of Swaraj and satyagrahaRead MoreImperialism in India6601 Words   |  27 Pagesof imperialism are both positive and negative. The positive effects are banning inhumane traditional practices such as sati and the dowry system, promoting widow remarriage and prohibiting child marriage. The negative effects are that Britain caused the traditional industries to crash. Also, poverty increased. British officials were paid out of the India treasury. Imperialism drained Indias wealth. It destroyed India economically and politically. India became dependent due to imperialism. ItRead MoreModern Environmental Degradation And Exploitation3639 Words   |  15 Pagesforefront, protesting the harmful practices that, in the name of profit, degrade the natural splendor and resources of our planet. 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However, many countries of the world are yet to value and appreciate cultural diversity as a means of promotingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslight cigarettes sold by the British American Tobacco Company and lamps filled with Standard Oil kerosene so that they could see more clearly while using their Singer sewing machines. The Indian countryside was also decisively transformed by colonialism and integration into global markets—albeit with policies that at times made Indians less mobile rather than more so. But the 30 †¢ CHAPTER 1 holistic relations of migration, goods, and money that characterized the Atlantic system were

The Wagner Act Essays - 2065 Words

In 1934, the Wagner Act was first introduced, also called the National Labor Relations Act (NLRB), it promised to ensure a wise distribution of wealth between management and labor, to maintain a full flow of purchasing power, and to prevent recurrent depressions. (Babson, p. 85) During the mid-1930s organized labor and the United States Government struck a deal. It was the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt. A volatile time, the country was attempting to recover from a depression, unemployment was at an all-time high and organized labor was struggling for its own existence. Vast numbers of the unemployed are right on the edge, observed Lorent Hickock, a Pennsylvania reporter hired by the federal government to report on social†¦show more content†¦With no relief in sight, society had nothing to lose and everything to gain by fighting back. Workers saw that businesses and businessmen continued to get rich and mover further ahead in life, while the working class began to fall further down the economic ladder with little or no hope of advancement within society. The solidarity amongst the unemployed is a key factor which cannot be ignored by historians and scholars, and that impetus could have propelled labor forward. For the first time, America had seen mass demonstrations across the country centering on a central issue, unemployment. Unemployment councils were prevalent within many of the major metropolitan centers across the country, and they became the proponent for the wize of the American worker. Numerous rallies and demonstrations were staged by those councils, and when it came to the issue of unemployment there were no perceived boundaries amongst citizens based on ethnicity, race or religion. The barriers which had stymied the growth of the labor movement had temporarily disappeared. However, as powerful as these councils could have been, there was no co-ordination amongst the various centers in relation to the public protest. Communities and individuals were becoming mobilized and they too began to learn the importance of being organized and working together collectively and disregarding any self imposed barriers along the linesShow MoreRelatedThe Wagner Act1568 Words   |  7 PagesNational Labor Relations Act, otherwise called the Wagner Act, and most are still active today in about twenty-two states today. The rights associated with these laws displayed the differences of the ideology amongst business and representative. They ensure the individual laborer s opportunity to decline to join or to help bolster a union, including one picked by the employee to represent as their bartering agent. Consequently, from the point of view invigorating the Wagner Act, they were meant to createRead More The Wagner Act Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesSince the enactment of the Wagner Act, there has been a dramatic change in the way employment is handled between managers and employees. Employees have been given more of a chance t o decide what they want at work, and are able to negotiate with their employers. They have the opportunity to discuss wage, hours, over time, etc. Previously, employees had little to no say in decisions that were made regarding their employment and basically had to be â€Å"yes men† for the employers. 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Where the Wagner Act had only spoken of the right to participate in union activities, the Taft-Hartley Act helped to fill in the gaps by allowing for the right to refrain from union activities. The Taft-Hartley Act was createdRead MoreSexual Offenders Is The Most Vilified Type Of Offenders Within Public Opinion And The Criminal Justice System1672 Words   |  7 Pagesof convicted sex offenders after release, community notification laws in place, and public access to the registry (Burchfield and Mingus, 2012; Lees and Tewksbury, 2006; Petrunik, Murphy, and Fedoroff, 2008; Scholle, 2000; Tewksbury and Lees, 2006; Wagner, 2011). Sex offender registry laws were intended to increase public safety and to reduce the reoffending rates of sexual offenders. However, this paper will argue that registration has no effect on recidivism rates and that the law actually negativelyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act : Unexpected Benefits Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Unexpected Benefits For just a brief moment, imagine yourself sometime in the future. You have been recently married, you just started a brand new job, and are looking to start a family. As a way to plan for financial security, you have done some research into financial investments. You are hoping to build a portfolio, which will be a mix of low, median, and high-risk stock. Flash forward into the future by 20 years. During this time, the stock prices have appreciated andRead MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt And The Great Depression1293 Words   |  6 Pages1945 in which was the end of World War II. The specific examples that relate to the changes in 1920 to 1945 are the dollar diplomacy in Haiti and Nicaragua, the first and second New deal established by president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the Wagner Act as well as the war production in the United States during World War II. There are many examples that relates to the changes in the United States in the 1920s until 1945 that relate to the economic liberties. Two of the examples that is being

Bp Oil Spill free essay sample

BP oil spill is ranked as the largest environmental disaster in the world history. As the oil from BP spill washes ashore, people on Gulf Coast are suffering huge damages they have never met before. The U. S. government estimates that up to 60,000 barrels of oil a day are spewing out from the damaged BP drilling rig to Gulf of Mexico. It has ruined the shoreline, killed animal and sea life, threaten the ecosystem and harmed the tourism and fishing in Louisiana. After the spilling happened, US government and BP has been struggling for plugging the hole deep under the water which is known s Top-kill, but failed. Right after the leak happened, the Obama administration has claimed that BP alone has to take the whole responsibility of the oil spill. However, as the oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico continues to grow day by day, some people are starting to ask if President Obama will be blamed for the damage that will result on the shoreline of the Gulf coast? He failed to protect US waters and people who depend on them. Also, his administration had failed to adequately reform the Minerals Management Service, the scandal-ridden federal agency that for years had ssentially allowed the oil industry to do what it planed under self-regulation. There have been people who said that the Obama Administration did not react fast enough and slack in fixing the crisis. BP definitely bears the responsibility of the deep water disaster, but is it the only entity involved in the largest offshore oil spill in US history? In this paper, I shall argue that it is not Just BP that bears responsibility for spill, Obama administration is responsible too. BP: Surely they have to pay all of the damages suffered around Gulf Coast since they have violated the morality in many ays. Firstly, the deepwater disaster is partly due to the companys own shortage in engineering testing. According to due care theory, manufactures responsibility would extend to three areas including design, production and information. The key problem caused leaking is that BP has not exercised enough due care on production area. The production manager should control the manufacturing processes so as to eliminate any defective items, identify any weakness that become apparent during production. (Manuel 2006). BP failed to follow safety regulations as a matter of fact. Right after the spill happened, BPS diplomat has claimed that there was no one to blame, even the people who worked in the pipe line, their Jobs were normally done. If you look for mistakes, you will find some. It was Just a freak accident that was not expected from the situation. However, as the investigation went further, more and more evidence has been shown that it was not an accident but negligence. They didnt do proper testing, for example, BP halted tests on the well lining five days before the explosion and kept oilfield testing firm Schlumberger on standby, ccording to NOLA. It had no plans to conduct a cement bond log test, which uses Sonics to identify weaknesses in the cement, known as a gold standard test. Also, Oil rig worker Mike Mason told Huffington Post he observed cheating on blowout preventer tests at least 100 times, including on wells owned by BP. In many cases, Mason says, BP employees were present while subcontractors faked the tests. Obviously, the systems failed and failed badly. BP violated the duty of exercising adequate quality controls over high-tech materials which caused the leaking re against Common sense morality by harming lives around Gulf Coast, for instance, shrimpers and small hotel owner loss their Jobs for surviving; a large number of species live are threatened. According to Kant theory about respect for person , BP did morally wrong since they did not put human beings in the first , instead, what they are looking for is only the profits. BP has a duty to defend the environment they are working with. Referred to Kantian theory, humans have a correlative duty to respect and promote the development of anothers capacity to freely and rationally hoose for him. For BP, when they tried to save the cost on drilling, it destroyed the development of others. What they have done is a violation of peoples negative right because people are forced to ruin their career and their normal life. Referred to The Social Cost View, Manufacturer should pay the costs of all injuries caused by defect in a product even if exercised due care. Thus, BP should pay for all of the damages suffered in Golf area. However, it is argued that offshore oil drilling is inherently dirty and dangerous, and the government must establish a permanent moratorium on it in rder to protect the citizens living around. But government did not do their Job enough. BP should pay for the bill for its recklessness, while Obama government should take some responsibility at the same time. Obama Administration First, According to Bradford (2010), Obamas original decision to pursue drilling made the drill more likely to happen. Back to 2008, Democrats had a serious oil problem, gas price were soaring toward $4 per gallon. Pressure had been put on President Obama to respond. In August, he announced he would support new ffshore exploration as part of a broader mix of climate and cleaning energy policy. He nominated Ken Salazar to take in charge of this program. And in March of this year, the administration announced a plan to expand offshore oil production. It was intended to get away from the rising gas price this summer and avoid repeat insanity in 2008 summer. Soon after, BP oil spill exploded and millions of gallons of crude started spewing out of Gulf of Mexico. Secondly, Obama administration failed to crack down on the corruption of Bush years-and let the worlds most dangerous oil ompany get away with murder. Referred to Bradford (2010), the scandal at Minerals Management Service (MMS) is lurid, for example, Employees in the Royalty-collecting wing has been taking thousands of dollars worth of gifts from the oil company they are supposed to oversee. As a result, company has been getting offshore -drilling permits with little scrutiny. For instance, in April of last year, less than a month after BP submitted its application, MMS gave the oil giant the drilling permitting in the Gulf without a comprehensive environmental review. The one-page approval put no estrictions on BP, issuing only a mild suggestion that would prove prescient: Exercise caution while drilling due to indications of shallow gas. Government should not get away from being negligence. Based on Kantian theory, human being should be treated as ends and never used merely as means. It means that each individual has a moral right to be treated as a free person equal to any other person. MMS scandal violates this principle. BP, for example, they will more easily get drilling value gift. If it spread, it will definitely slow down US economy. What we have seen so ar is the huge disaster from oil spilling. Whats more, Dickson (2010) stated that the administration failed to ensure that BP was well prepared in case some unexpected accident happened. On the surface, a lack of ships and equipment has left more than 100 miles of the coast-including vast stretches of fragile marshlands † covered in crude. Obama has been putting so much trust on oil giants; he said l was wrong in my belief that the oil companies had their act together when it came to worst-case scenarios. (Dickson 2010) Thus, his administration should bear the responsibility due o regulation failure. In addition, someone has argued that BP and other oil companies use tier wealth and power to influence government and their policies regarding alternate food, so the blame should be put on BP. I shall argue that the influence and misleading happened is because the government is lack of oil knowledge and experience. In conclusion, it is not fair to let BP alone take the responsibility. In the todays world, government becomes stronger; they are involved in everything that crucial to the society. As the power gets bigger, their responsibility has expanded at he same time.

Ibsen and Strindberg †Hedda Gabler and Miss Julie Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Ibsen and Strindberg – Hedda Gabler and Miss Julie Argumentative Essay Compare and contrast the characters of Hedda Gabler and Miss Julie in the plays by Ibsen and Strindberg. Support your findings with comments on the writers attitudes to their characters. August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen were both great playwrights of the 19th century, and both played a large role in the evolution of modern day naturalism/ realism. The plays I will be discussing are Ibsens Hedda Gabler, (1890) and Strindbergs Miss Julie (1888). In Karens lecture on Strindberg, she told how the two playwrights were rivals in a sense, mainly caused by Strindbergs attitudes on social issues- Namely his thoughts and theory on the role of women in society. Thus, I am lead to believe that Hedda Gabler was written by Ibsen as a direct retaliation to Strindbergs Miss Julie, just as Karen believes that Strindbergs The Father was written as a reply to Ibsens Ghosts. Although both plays end with the suicide of the leading character, the circumstances by which they occur are very different. In order to take these plays in their full context, it is important to examine the lives of the playwrights and see just how much of their own thoughts, beliefs and feelings are reflected in their plays. I feel this is particularly important in the case of Strindberg. I was intrigued by Karens lecture on Strindberg, in particular the rise of his misogynist attitudes and his state of mental health. His attitudes are reflected in Miss Julie quite clearly. Strindberg believed that Women were a secondary form, which can be seen through reading his preface to the play. The translation of the play I examined was from the Drama Classics (D.C) Series. I found a very interesting piece of writing in this version of the play; In an editors note, it is explained that the translation was based on the original text, and contained some rants which were not included in most published versions. The most interesting of these was a part in the preface which was not in the other versions, it reads as follows;Theres a view, current at the moment even among quite sensible people, that women, that secondary form humanity (second to men, the lords and shapers of human civilisation) should in some way become equal with men, or could so be; this is leading to a struggle which is both bizarre and doomed. Its bizarre because a secondary form, by the laws of science, is always going to be a secondary form . .the proposition is as impossible as that two parallel lines should ever meet.I find these comments quite astounding, and there are no shortage of similar comments in his preface. Karen explained how Strindberg also believed that when a woman was menstruating, it meant she was in an altered state of mind. In his preface, Strindberg gives this as one of the possible reasons behind Julies suicide. An understanding of these attitudes is vital to fully understand Miss Julie and make the connection between Julie and Hedda. As I touched on earlier, Strindberg developed a hate towards Ibsen, as he saw him as a promoter of feminism. Karen spoke of Ibsens Ghosts, in which a woman spoke out against a dead man. Strindberg did not like this, as the male had no chance to defend himself. As a result, he wrote The Father. In this play, Strindberg makes all the female characters out to be dislikeable and narky. It is this which leads me to believe that Hedda Gabler was written by Ibsen as a reply to Miss Julie. I will attempt to display my reasoning behind this theory, analysing the title characters from both plays and demonstrating the writers attitudes being displayed throughout the play. To me, Miss Julie seems to be a true Battle of the sexes play, in which the male inevitably wins. Throughout the play, a power game is being played by Jean and Julie. The character of Julie is what Strindberg would describe as a half-woman- that is, she does not know her place in society and tries to dominate a male. Strindbergs preface touches on this issue;Modern feminists thrust themselves forward, selling themselves for power, honours, distinctions and diplomas as women once did for money.She is socially superior to Jean in that she is from an aristocratic family and Jean is her fathers servant. She tries to assert herself over Jean from the very start of the play when she demands that Jean dances with her. She even claims herself to be Fireproof (D. Drug Addiction In The Work Place Essay The daughter of a General, Hedda is a natural leader and does not easily fit the mould of a housewife. She emphasises this by constantly denying her pregnancy whenever Jorgen mentions it (that is, mentions it indirectly, eg. saying how she is rounded). She longs for control over everyone she comes in contact with. It seems to me the only reason she married Tesman was because she would have financial security as Tesman had an impending professorship, whilst at the same time still have the ability to dominate a dull academic. She gets power by manipulating her husband, and at one point even tells Mrs Elvsted; I want the power to shape a mans destiny. This is clearly the opposite to Strindbergs Miss Julie, where Julie had the desire to be dominated by a man. Hedda becomes jealous of Mrs Elvsteds relationship with Tasmans rival Lovborg, which is intellectual and creates a child in the form of a manuscript. I find it interesting how she gains power over Lovborg when he comes to visit. Lovborg recalls the past; Did you feel love for me? A flicker a sparkfor me? (D. Cp.57), but this flirting does not have an effect on Hedda, even if she would like to respond, she spurns his advances, thus giving her superiority over Lovborg, much as she does with Judge Brack, her confidant. He tells how Hedda has always had power;And Hedda, the things I told you! Things about myself. No one else knew, then. My drinkingdays and nights on end. I sat there and told you. Days and nights. Oh Hedda, what gave you such power? To make me tell you.. .things like that? (D.C p.58)It is Heddas jealousy for Lovborg and Mrs Elvsteds creative relationship which causes her to become destructive and destroy the manuscript, rather than see it back into Lovborgs hands, with the ever powerless Jorgen believing she did it for his sake. As she is burning the manuscript she displays her resentment towards the relationship;Look, Thea. Im burning your baby, Thea. Little Curly hair! Your baby.. .yours and his. The baby. Burning the baby. (D.C p.88)I struggled to fully understand why she urged Lovborg to kill himself, but in this context I can only speculate that it was to further consolidate the end of the relationship between Miss Elvsted and Lovborg, of which she was so envious. By the end of the play, Hedda has relinquished all of her power. Lovborgs death backfired and Hedda ended up losing the dominance over Jorgen, as he and Mrs Elvsted devote their lives to resurrecting Lovborgs manuscript and Mrs Elvsted hopes to inspire Tesman as she did Lovborg. Brack then establishes power over her through her fear of scandal, blackmailing her in a sense to agree to his terms of living. He could destroy her at any moment by releasing the information that the gun which killed Lovborg belonged to Hedda. She finds this thought unbearable; Im still in your power. At your disposal. A slave. I wont have it. I wont (D. C p.105) So Hedda, unable to live under the control of others, plays a final tune on the piano before taking one of her fathers pistols and shooting herself. Although both Ibsens Hedda Gabler and Strindbergs Miss Julie ended with the suicide of the leading character, the circumstances by which the suicides occurred were most different, and particularly in the case of Miss Julie, the writers personal thoughts were prominent in the outcome. Julie ended her life after a deep underlying yearning to be dominated by Jean and in the end displays her inferiority by begging Jean to give her permission to end her life. This is unlike the circumstances in Hedda Gabler, where Hedda maintains her dignity and status to the very end. Unlike Julie, she cannot bear the thought of being under the control of others. This is why I speculate that Hedda Gabler could very well have been written by Ibsen in direct reply and contradiction to Strindbergs Miss Julie. I am sure that Henrik Ibsen would have found a lot to disagree upon when it came to the ideas and philosophies contained within Strindbergs Miss Julie, not to mention the plays preface.

Turkey free essay sample

Turkey BY ntm289 Abstract This paper explores the different characteristics in the economic and cultural aspects in the country of Turkey in relation to introducing a foreign business into a new country. The economic characteristics that will be assessed will be factors such as GDP per capita and GDP growth rate, Inflation and Unemployment, FDI inflows, FDI potential index, and FDI performance index, along with the countrys competitive index. There will be an explanation of how the factors mentioned above have effected the countrys economic freedom in the last 10 years and how it changed, how orruption changed in the last 10 years, and how governance changed in the last 10 years. Lastly it will explore the countrys culture relevant to running a business in Turkey such as the political, legal, social, religious, and gender based aspects along with an evaluation of the Hofstede framework for Turkey. In 2002, Turkey, along with many other countries, suffered from a global economic downturn but came out relatively un-hurt and continued through out the years to work on a more open and free economy (2013 index of). We will write a custom essay sample on Turkey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their largely free-market economy is driven by its industry and service sector with 25% of employment coming rom its traditional agriculture

Under the Feet Of Jesus essays

Under the Feet Of Jesus essays In Helena Maria Viramontes, "Under the Feet of Jesus", historical factors play an integral role in depicting life as a migrant laborer. Capitalism, colonialism, racialization, as well as exploitation are a few of the forces that prove to be important in mediating the political, social, and cultural conditions of Mexican Immigrant labor. In the case of "Under the Feet of Jesus", those conditions are portrayed through the struggles of Estrella and her migrant family. The effects of colonialism are seen at work in Viramontes novel. Just as the indigenous tribes of Mexico were marginalized by the Spanish, Estrella and the rest of the field laborers were being marginalized by America. After the Great Depression struck, millions of Americans were left unemployed with no source of income to sustain themselves, or their family. Politically and socially, Mexican laborers were targeted as the problem and they began to be viewed as an infestation, an infestation of aliens whom were taking American jobs from American people. Due to the pressures of unemployment the United States government began the process of repatriation. Repatriation, resulted in thousands of Mexican-Americans being deported, among those departed were US born Mexicans. Throughout the novel, Estrella expresses her fear of being sent back home to her native country. Estrella's fears of being harassed or deported also point to her racialized status even though a citizen of the United Sta tes, she is labeled as an alien. Estrellas fears are addressed by Petra one night: "If they stop you, if they try to pull you into the green vans, you tell them the birth certificates are under the feet of Jesus, just tell them...Tell them que tienes una madre aquà ­. You are not an orphan, and she pointed a red finger to the earth, Aquà ­." (Viramontes 63) The same fears that repatriation instilled in Estrella are the same fears that were felt by other field workers in the 1930&...

Why Was the Nile River Important for the Rise of Successful States in Essay

Why Was the Nile River Important for the Rise of Successful States in North Africa - Essay Example Most of the history of Nile River has a connection to Egyptian civilization. Were it, not for river Nile, there would not be the rise of successful states in North Africa and particularly Egypt. The river originates1 from the Blue Nile and White Nile tributaries originating from Ethiopian highlands and Lake Victoria respectively. The river flows in the northern direction for about 2000 kilometers through the Sahara. Nile River is 10 kilometers wide and supports thousands of people in strips of arable land. The river Nile valley can be regarded as a narrow and long oasis where human beings live, thanks to the river. It is the longest river so far in the world. There are several ways through which Nile River was crucial for the rise of successful states in North Africa. This paper will discuss the importance of river Nile in the rise of successful states in Northern Africa. First, due to River Nile, the people living on both banks of the river can be able to produce abundant harvests. There was a myth of the miracle in river Nile. The annual flooding of the river was much beneficial to farmers along the river. Annual flooding was advantageous to the farmers around the river as there was silt deposit after the flooding. When the river flooded, it left nutrients to the farms which were essential for growing healthy crops. The river was rising in the summer from the rains in Ethiopian highlands and central Africa between September and October. The flooding was recurrent, and farmers could predict the seasons of agriculture (Erik & Reynolds,  2012). The deposits of silt left by the river enriched the soil. This land was referred to as the fertile land. The flooding of the river could not be seen as life threatening but life enhancing. Unlike the flooding of Mesopotamia Rivers, Nile’s flooding could be predicted and used to be gradual. Although an organized irrigation system was still necessary, the villages along the Nile River made an effort without state i nterventions. Abundant supply of the food was one of the factors that led to civilization. The civilization in Egypt was rural with a majority of small population centers located along the narrow band of river Nile. The river splits 2into two branches before emptying into Mediterranean Sea. River Nile forms a delta which is a triangular shaped territory, commonly referred to as the Lower Egypt. The river created a large area; several miles wide at the banks. The created area was capable of producing plenty of harvests. The most famous cities in Egypt developed at the delta of river Nile. Up to date, a large population of people in Egypt is crowded at the banks of river Nile. The surplus food, grown along river Nile, led to prosperity of cities. Trade was established between cities, and leading trade items included agricultural products, fish, goats, sheep and cattle (Keim, 2009). The flooding enabled the Egyptians to grow wheat, beans, barley, lentils, leeks, peas, and onions. They were also able to grow fruits such as figs, dates, grapes and melons. This is an indication that the Egyptians were able to enjoy bread, wine and beer in abundance. The presence of fish in river Nile improved the food security along the river. The other reason as to why Nile River was vital for the rise of successful states in North Africa is that it served as a unifying factor. It was used as a means of transport along the cities near the river. In the ancient times, using river Nile was one of the fastest ways of travelling through the land. The river helped to make transport and communication along the states developed in North Africa. The winds originating from the north helped to push the sail boats south. Most travelers headed downstream. When people were travelling downstream, they used paddles or long poles